2007
Journal article
Open Access
Continuous in situ measurements of volcanic gases with a diode-laser-based spectrometer: CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O concentration and soil degassing at Vulcano (Aeolian islands: Italy)
De Rosa M., Gagliardi G., Rocco A., Somma R., De Natale P., De Natale G.
Spectroscopy Volcanic emissions Geochemistry and Petrology Research Article
We report on a continuous-measurement campaign carried out in Vulcano (Aeolian islands, Sicily), devoted to the simultaneous monitoring of CO2 and H2O concentrations. The measurements were performed with an absorption spectrometer based on a semiconductor laser source emitting around a 2-ìm wavelength. The emitted radiation was selectively absorbed by two molecular ro-vibrational transitions specific of the investigated species. Data for CO2 and H2O concentrations, and CO2soil diffusive flux using an accumulation chamber configuration, were collected at several interesting sampling points on the island (Porto Levante beach- PLB, Fossa Grande Crater - FOG- and Valley of Palizzi, PAL). CO2/H2O values, measured on the ground, are very similar (around 0.019 (± 0.006)) and comparable to the previous discrete detected values of 0.213 (Fumarole F5 -La Fossa crater rim) and 0.012 (Fumarole VFS - Baia Levante beach) obtained during the 1977-1993 heating phase of the crater fumaroles. In this work much more homogeneous values are found in different points of the three sites investigated. The field work, although carried out in a limited time window (25th-28th August 2004), pointed out the new apparatus is suitable for continuous gas monitoring of the two species and their ratios, which are important geochemical indicators of volcanic activity, for which other reliable continuous monitoring systems are not yet available.
Source: Geochemical transactions 8 (2007): 5–5. doi:10.1186/1467-4866-8-5
Publisher: Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry in collaboration with the Division of Geochemistry of the American Chemical Society,, Cambridge , Regno Unito
Baubron, J, Allard, P, Sabroux, J, Tedesco, D, Toutain, J. Soil gas emanations as precursory indicators of volcanic eruptions. J Geol Soc Lond. 1991; 148: 571-576
Notsu, K, Mori, T, Igarashi, G, Tohjima, Y, Wakita, H. Infrared spectral radiometer: A new tool for remote measurement of SO2 of volcanic gas. Geochem J. 1993; 27: 361-366
Nuccio, P, Paonita, A. Magmatic degassing of multicomponent vapors and assessment of magma depth: Application to Vulcano island (Italy). Earth Planet Sci Lett. 2001; 193: 467-481
Aiuppa, A, Burton, M, Murè, F, Inguaggiato, S. Intercomparison of volcanic gas monitoring methodologies performed on Vulcano Island, Italy. Geophis Res Lett. 2004; 31: L02610
Rendiconti di sorveglianza 1999–2004.
Galle, B, Oppenheimer, C, Geyer, A, McGonigle, A, Edmonds, M, Horrocks, L. A miniaturised ultraviolet spectrometer for remote sensing of SO2 fluxes: a new tool for volcano surveillance. J of Volcanol Geotherm Res. 2003; 119: 241-254
Elias, T, Sutton, AJ, Oppenheimer, C, Horton, KA, Garbeil, H, Tsanev, V, McGonigle, AJS, Williams-Jones, G. Comparison of COSPEC and two miniature ultraviolet spectrometer systems for SO2 measurements using scattered sunlight. Bull Volcanol. 2006; 68: 313-322
Weibring, P, Swartling, J, Edner, H, Svanberg, S, Caltabiano, T, Condarelli, D, Cecchi, G, Pantani, L. Optical monitoring of volcanic sulphur dioxide emissions – comparison between four different remote-sensing spectroscopic techniques. Opt Lasers Eng. 2002; 37: 267-284
Francis, P, Burton, M, Oppenheimer, C. Remote measurements of volcanic gas compositions by solar occultation spectroscopy. Nature. 1998; 396: 567-570
Mori, T, Notsu, K, Tohjima, Y, Wakita, H, Nuccio, P, Italiano, F. Remote detection of fumarolic gas chemistry at Vulcano, Italy, using an FT-IR spectral radiometer. Earth Plan Sci Lett. 1995; 134: 219-224
Andersen, D, Farrar, C. Eddy covariance measurements of CO2 flux to the atmosphere from an area of high volcanogenic emissions, Mammoth Mountain, California. Chemical Geology. 2001; 177: 31-42
Burton, M, Oppenheimer, C, Harrocks, L, Francis, P. Remote sensing of CO2 and H2O emission rates from Masaya volcano, Nicaragua. Geology. 2000; 28: 915-918
Zimmer, M, Erzinger, J. Continuous H2O, CO2, 222Rn and temperature measurements on Merapi Volcano, Indonesia. J of Volcanol Geotherm Res. 2003; 125: 25-38
Faber, E, Moràn, C, Poggenburg, J, Garzon, G, Teschner, M. Continuous gas monitoring at Galeras Volcano, Colombia: first evidence. J of Volcanol Geotherm Res. 2003; 125: 13-23
Werle, P, Slemr, F, Maurer, K, Kormann, R, Mücke, R, Jänker, B. Near- and mid-infrared laser-optical sensors for gas analysis. Opt Laser Eng. 2002; 37: 101-114
Richter, D, Erdelyi, M, Curl, R, Tittel, F, Oppenheimer, C, Duffell, H, Burton, M. Field measurement of volcanic gases using tunable diode laser based mid-infrared and Fourier transform infrared spectrometers. Opt Laser Eng. 2002; 37: 171-186
Gianfrani, L, De Natale, P, De Natale, G. Remote sensing of volcanic gases with a DFB-laser-based fiber spectrometer. Appl Phys B. 2000; 70: 467-470
Gianfrani, L, De Natale, P. Remote measurements of volcanic gases using a diode-laser-based spectrometer. Opt & Phot News. 2000; 11: 44
Gagliardi, G, Restieri, R, De Biasio, G, De Natale, P, Cotrufo, F, Gianfrani, L. Quantitative diode laser absorption spectroscopy near 2 μm with high precision measurements of CO2 concentration. Rev Sci Inst. 2001; 72: 4228-4233
Rocco, A, De Natale, G, De Natale, P, Gagliardi, G, Gianfrani, L. A diode-laser-based spectrometer for in-situ measurements of volcanic gases. Appl Phys B. 2003; 78: 235-240
Gagliardi, G, Restieri, R, Casa, G, Gianfrani, L. Chemical and isotopic analysis using diode laser spectroscopy: applications to volcanic gas monitoring. Opt Lasers Eng. 2002; 37: 131-142
Chiodini, G, Cioni, R, Marini, L, Panichi, C. Origin of fumarolic fluids of Vulcano Island, Italy and implications for volcanic surveillance. Bull Vulcanol. 1995; 57: 99-110
Chiodini, G, Cioni, R, Marini, L, Panichi, C, Raco, B, Taddeucci, G. Fumarolic gases geochemistry. Acta Volcanologica. 1994; 6: 43
Cardellini, C, Chiodini, G, Frondini, F, Granieri, D, Lewicki, J, Peruzzi, L. Accumulation chamber measurements of methane fluxeses: application to volcanic-geothermal areas and landfills. Appl Geochem. 2003; 18: 45-54
Chiodini, G, Frondini, F, Raco, B. Diffuse emission of CO2 from the Fossa crater Vulcan island (Italy). Bull Vulcanol. 1996; 58: 41
Chiodini, G, Cioni, R, Guidi, M, Raco, B, Marini, L. Soil CO2 flux measurements in volcanic and geothermal areas. Appl Geochem. 1998; 13: 543-552
Aiuppa, A, Federico, C, Giudice, G, Gurrieri, S. Chemical mapping of a fumarolic field: la Fossa crater, Vulcano Island (Aeolian Islands, Italy). Geophys Res Lett. 2005; 32: L13309
Allard, P, Carbonelle, J, Dajlevic, D, le Bronec, J, Morel, P, Robe, J, Maurenas, J, Faivre-Pierret, R, Martin, D, Sabroux, J, Zettwoog, P. Eruptive and diffusive emissions of CO2 from Mount Etna. Nature. 1991; 351: 387-391
Capasso, G, Inguaggiato, S, Nuccio, P, Peocraino, G, Sortino, F. Chemical changes in the gas composition of La Fossa crater fumaroloes. Acta Vulcanologica. 1993; 3: 278-282
Capasso, G, Favara, R, Inguaggiato, S. Chemical features and isotopic composition of gaseous manifestations on Vulcano Island, Aeolian Islands, Italy: An interpretative model of fluid circulation. Geochim et Cosmochim Acta. 1997; 61: 3425-3440
Gurrieri, S, Valenza, M. Gas transport in natural porous mediums: a method for measuring CO2 flows from the ground in volcanic and geothermal areas. Rend Soc Hal Mineral Petrologia. 1988; 43: 1151-1158
Diliberto, I, Guerrieri, S, Valenza, M. CO2 flux from the ground. Acta Vulcanol. 1993; 3: 272-273
Diliberto, I, Guerrieri, S. Soil CO2 degassing in the island of Vulcano during 1992. Acta Vulcanol. 1994; 6: 35
Carapezza, M, Diliberto, I. Helium and CO2 soil degassing. Acta Vulcanol. 1994; 3: 273-276
Carapezza, M. Helium and CO2 soil gas concentration (Vulcano). Acta Vulcanol. 1994; 6: 36-39
Badalamenti, B, Gurrieri, S, Valenza, M. Continuous monitoring (temperature, CO2, in soil gases and reducing capacity) (Vulcano). Acta Vulcanol. 1994; 6: 46-48
Carapezza, M, Granieri, D. CO2 soil flux at Vulcano (Italy): comparison between active and passive methods. Appl Geochem. 2004; 19: 73-88
The Hitran Database 2003.
Nuccio, P, Paonita, A, Sortino, F. Geochemical modeling of mixing between magmatic and hydrothermal gases: The case of Vulcano, Italy. Earth Planet Sci Lett. 1999; 167: 321-333
Tedesco, D, Scarsi, P. Intensive gas sampling of noble gases and carbon at Vulcano Island (southern Italy). J Geophys Res. 1999; 104: 10499-10510
Baubron, J, Allard, P, Toutain, J. Diffusive volcanic emissions of carbon dioxide from Vulcano Island, Italy. Nature. 1990; 344: 51-53
Pizzino, L, Galli, G, Mancini, C, Quattrocchi, F, Scarlato, P. Natural gas hazard (CO2, 222Rn) within a quiescent volcanic region and its relations with tectonics: the case of Ciampino-Marino area and Albano Hill Vulcano, Italy. Natural Hazards. 2002; 27: 257-287
Farrar, C, Sorey, M, Evans, W, Howle, J, Kerr, B, Kennedy, B, King, C, Southon, J. Forest-killing diffuse CO2 emission Mammouth Mountain as a sign of magmatic unrest. Nature. 1995; 376: 675-678
Kling, G, Evans, W, Tanyileke, G, Kusakabe, M, Ohba, T, Yoshida, Y, Hell, J. Degassing Lakes Nyos and Monoun: defusing certain disaster. PNAS. 2005; 102: 14185-14190
Baubron J, Allard P, Sabroux J, Tedesco D, Toutain J: Soil gas emanations as precursory indicators of volcanic eruptions. J Geol Soc Lond 1991, 148:571-576.
Notsu K, Mori T, Igarashi G, Tohjima Y, Wakita H: Infrared spectral radiometer: A new tool for remote measurement of SO2 of volcanic gas. Geochem J 1993, 27:361-366.
3. Nuccio P, Paonita A: Magmatic degassing of multicomponent vapors and assessment of magma depth: Application to Vulcano island (Italy). Earth Planet Sci Lett 2001, 193:467-481.
4. Aiuppa A, Burton M, Murè F, Inguaggiato S: Intercomparison of volcanic gas monitoring methodologies performed on Vulcano Island, Italy. Geophis Res Lett 2004, 31:L02610.
5. Rendiconti di sorveglianza 1999-2004 [http://www.ov.ingv.it]
6. Galle B, Oppenheimer C, Geyer A, McGonigle A, Edmonds M, Horrocks L: A miniaturised ultraviolet spectrometer for remote sensing of SO2 fluxes: a new tool for volcano surveillance. J of Volcanol Geotherm Res 2003, 119:241-254.
7. Elias T, Sutton AJ, Oppenheimer C, Horton KA, Garbeil H, Tsanev V, McGonigle AJS, Williams-Jones G: Comparison of COSPEC and two miniature ultraviolet spectrometer systems for SO2 measurements using scattered sunlight. Bull Volcanol 2006, 68:313-322.
8. Weibring P, Swartling J, Edner H, Svanberg S, Caltabiano T, Condarelli D, Cecchi G, Pantani L: Optical monitoring of volcanic sulphur dioxide emissions - comparison between four different remote-sensing spectroscopic techniques. Opt Lasers Eng 2002, 37:267-284.
9. Francis P, Burton M, Oppenheimer C: Remote measurements of volcanic gas compositions by solar occultation spectroscopy. Nature 1998, 396:567-570.
10. Mori T, Notsu K, Tohjima Y, Wakita H, Nuccio P, Italiano F: Remote detection of fumarolic gas chemistry at Vulcano, Italy, using an FT-IR spectral radiometer. Earth Plan Sci Lett 1995, 134:219-224.
11. Andersen D, Farrar C: Eddy covariance measurements of CO2 flux to the atmosphere from an area of high volcanogenic emissions, Mammoth Mountain, California. Chemical Geology 2001, 177:31-42.
12. Burton M, Oppenheimer C, Harrocks L, Francis P: Remote sensing of CO2 and H2O emission rates from Masaya volcano, Nicaragua. Geology 2000, 28:915-918.
13. Zimmer M, Erzinger J: Continuous H2O, CO2, 222Rn and temperature measurements on Merapi Volcano, Indonesia. J of Volcanol Geotherm Res 2003, 125:25-38.
14. Faber E, Moràn C, Poggenburg J, Garzon G, Teschner M: Continuous gas monitoring at Galeras Volcano, Colombia: first evidence. J of Volcanol Geotherm Res 2003, 125:13-23.
15. Werle P, Slemr F, Maurer K, Kormann R, Mücke R, Jänker B: Nearand mid-infrared laser-optical sensors for gas analysis. Opt Laser Eng 2002, 37:101-114.
16. Richter D, Erdelyi M, Curl R, Tittel F, Oppenheimer C, Duffell H, Burton M: Field measurement of volcanic gases using tunable diode laser based mid-infrared and Fourier transform infrared spectrometers. Opt Laser Eng 2002, 37:171-186.
17. Gianfrani L, De Natale P, De Natale G: Remote sensing of volcanic gases with a DFB-laser-based fiber spectrometer. Appl Phys B 2000, 70:467-470.
18. Gianfrani L, De Natale P: Remote measurements of volcanic gases using a diode-laser-based spectrometer. Opt & Phot News 2000, 11:44.
19. Gagliardi G, Restieri R, De Biasio G, De Natale P, Cotrufo F, Gianfrani L: Quantitative diode laser absorption spectroscopy near 2 μm with high precision measurements of CO2 concentration. Rev Sci Inst 2001, 72:4228-4233.
20. Rocco A, De Natale G, De Natale P, Gagliardi G, Gianfrani L: A diode-laser-based spectrometer for in-situ measurements of volcanic gases. Appl Phys B 2003, 78:235-240.
21. Gagliardi G, Restieri R, Casa G, Gianfrani L: Chemical and isotopic analysis using diode laser spectroscopy: applications to volcanic gas monitoring. Opt Lasers Eng 2002, 37:131-142.
22. Chiodini G, Cioni R, Marini L, Panichi C: Origin of fumarolic fluids of Vulcano Island, Italy and implications for volcanic surveillance. Bull Vulcanol 1995, 57:99-110.
23. Chiodini G, Cioni R, Marini L, Panichi C, Raco B, Taddeucci G: Fumarolic gases geochemistry. Acta Volcanologica 1994, 6:43.
24. Cardellini C, Chiodini G, Frondini F, Granieri D, Lewicki J, Peruzzi L: Accumulation chamber measurements of methane fluxeses: application to volcanic-geothermal areas and landfills. Appl Geochem 2003, 18:45-54.
25. Chiodini G, Frondini F, Raco B: Diffuse emission of CO2 from the Fossa crater Vulcan island (Italy). Bull Vulcanol 1996, 58:41.
26. Chiodini G, Cioni R, Guidi M, Raco B, Marini L: Soil CO2 flux measurements in volcanic and geothermal areas. Appl Geochem 1998, 13:543-552.
27. Aiuppa A, Federico C, Giudice G, Gurrieri S: Chemical mapping of a fumarolic field: la Fossa crater, Vulcano Island (Aeolian Islands, Italy). Geophys Res Lett 2005, 32:L13309.
28. Allard P, Carbonelle J, Dajlevic D, le Bronec J, Morel P, Robe J, Maurenas J, Faivre-Pierret R, Martin D, Sabroux J, Zettwoog P: Eruptive and diffusive emissions of CO2 from Mount Etna. Nature 1991, 351:387-391.
29. Capasso G, Inguaggiato S, Nuccio P, Peocraino G, Sortino F: Chemical changes in the gas composition of La Fossa crater fumaroloes. Acta Vulcanologica 1993, 3:278-282.
30. Capasso G, Favara R, Inguaggiato S: Chemical features and isotopic composition of gaseous manifestations on Vulcano Island, Aeolian Islands, Italy: An interpretative model of fluid circulation. Geochim et Cosmochim Acta 1997, 61:3425-3440.
31. Gurrieri S, Valenza M: Gas transport in natural porous mediums: a method for measuring CO2 flows from the ground in volcanic and geothermal areas. Rend Soc Hal Mineral Petrologia 1988, 43:1151-1158.
32. Diliberto I, Guerrieri S, Valenza M: CO2 flux from the ground. Acta Vulcanol 1993, 3:272-273.
33. Diliberto I, Guerrieri S: Soil CO2 degassing in the island of Vulcano during 1992. Acta Vulcanol 1994, 6:35.
34. Carapezza M, Diliberto I: Helium and CO2 soil degassing. Acta Vulcanol 1994, 3:273-276.
35. Carapezza M: Helium and CO2 soil gas concentration (Vulcano). Acta Vulcanol 1994, 6:36-39.
36. Badalamenti B, Gurrieri S, Valenza M: Continuous monitoring (temperature, CO2, in soil gases and reducing capacity) (Vulcano). Acta Vulcanol 1994, 6:46-48.
37. Carapezza M, Granieri D: CO2 soil flux at Vulcano (Italy): comparison between active and passive methods. Appl Geochem 2004, 19:73-88.
38. Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics: The Hitran Database 2003. [http://www.hitran.com].
39. Nuccio P, Paonita A, Sortino F: Geochemical modeling of mixing between magmatic and hydrothermal gases: The case of Vulcano, Italy. Earth Planet Sci Lett 1999, 167:321-333.
40. Tedesco D, Scarsi P: Intensive gas sampling of noble gases and carbon at Vulcano Island (southern Italy). J Geophys Res 1999, 104:10499-10510.
41. Baubron J, Allard P, Toutain J: Diffusive volcanic emissions of carbon dioxide from Vulcano Island, Italy. Nature 1990, 344:51-53.
42. Pizzino L, Galli G, Mancini C, Quattrocchi F, Scarlato P: Natural gas hazard (CO2, 222Rn) within a quiescent volcanic region and its relations with tectonics: the case of Ciampino-Marino area and Albano Hill Vulcano, Italy. Natural Hazards 2002, 27:257-287.
43. Farrar C, Sorey M, Evans W, Howle J, Kerr B, Kennedy B, King C, Southon J: Forest-killing diffuse CO2 emission Mammouth Mountain as a sign of magmatic unrest. Nature 1995, 376:675-678.
44. Kling G, Evans W, Tanyileke G, Kusakabe M, Ohba T, Yoshida Y, Hell J: Degassing Lakes Nyos and Monoun: defusing certain disaster. PNAS 2005, 102:14185-14190.
Notsu, K, Mori, T, Igarashi, G, Tohjima, Y, Wakita, H. Infrared spectral radiometer: A new tool for remote measurement of SO2 of volcanic gas. Geochem J. 1993; 27: 361-366
Nuccio, P, Paonita, A. Magmatic degassing of multicomponent vapors and assessment of magma depth: Application to Vulcano island (Italy). Earth Planet Sci Lett. 2001; 193: 467-481
Aiuppa, A, Burton, M, Murè, F, Inguaggiato, S. Intercomparison of volcanic gas monitoring methodologies performed on Vulcano Island, Italy. Geophis Res Lett. 2004; 31: L02610
Rendiconti di sorveglianza 1999–2004.
Galle, B, Oppenheimer, C, Geyer, A, McGonigle, A, Edmonds, M, Horrocks, L. A miniaturised ultraviolet spectrometer for remote sensing of SO2 fluxes: a new tool for volcano surveillance. J of Volcanol Geotherm Res. 2003; 119: 241-254
Elias, T, Sutton, AJ, Oppenheimer, C, Horton, KA, Garbeil, H, Tsanev, V, McGonigle, AJS, Williams-Jones, G. Comparison of COSPEC and two miniature ultraviolet spectrometer systems for SO2 measurements using scattered sunlight. Bull Volcanol. 2006; 68: 313-322
Weibring, P, Swartling, J, Edner, H, Svanberg, S, Caltabiano, T, Condarelli, D, Cecchi, G, Pantani, L. Optical monitoring of volcanic sulphur dioxide emissions – comparison between four different remote-sensing spectroscopic techniques. Opt Lasers Eng. 2002; 37: 267-284
Francis, P, Burton, M, Oppenheimer, C. Remote measurements of volcanic gas compositions by solar occultation spectroscopy. Nature. 1998; 396: 567-570
Mori, T, Notsu, K, Tohjima, Y, Wakita, H, Nuccio, P, Italiano, F. Remote detection of fumarolic gas chemistry at Vulcano, Italy, using an FT-IR spectral radiometer. Earth Plan Sci Lett. 1995; 134: 219-224
Andersen, D, Farrar, C. Eddy covariance measurements of CO2 flux to the atmosphere from an area of high volcanogenic emissions, Mammoth Mountain, California. Chemical Geology. 2001; 177: 31-42
Burton, M, Oppenheimer, C, Harrocks, L, Francis, P. Remote sensing of CO2 and H2O emission rates from Masaya volcano, Nicaragua. Geology. 2000; 28: 915-918
Zimmer, M, Erzinger, J. Continuous H2O, CO2, 222Rn and temperature measurements on Merapi Volcano, Indonesia. J of Volcanol Geotherm Res. 2003; 125: 25-38
Faber, E, Moràn, C, Poggenburg, J, Garzon, G, Teschner, M. Continuous gas monitoring at Galeras Volcano, Colombia: first evidence. J of Volcanol Geotherm Res. 2003; 125: 13-23
Werle, P, Slemr, F, Maurer, K, Kormann, R, Mücke, R, Jänker, B. Near- and mid-infrared laser-optical sensors for gas analysis. Opt Laser Eng. 2002; 37: 101-114
Richter, D, Erdelyi, M, Curl, R, Tittel, F, Oppenheimer, C, Duffell, H, Burton, M. Field measurement of volcanic gases using tunable diode laser based mid-infrared and Fourier transform infrared spectrometers. Opt Laser Eng. 2002; 37: 171-186
Gianfrani, L, De Natale, P, De Natale, G. Remote sensing of volcanic gases with a DFB-laser-based fiber spectrometer. Appl Phys B. 2000; 70: 467-470
Gianfrani, L, De Natale, P. Remote measurements of volcanic gases using a diode-laser-based spectrometer. Opt & Phot News. 2000; 11: 44
Gagliardi, G, Restieri, R, De Biasio, G, De Natale, P, Cotrufo, F, Gianfrani, L. Quantitative diode laser absorption spectroscopy near 2 μm with high precision measurements of CO2 concentration. Rev Sci Inst. 2001; 72: 4228-4233
Rocco, A, De Natale, G, De Natale, P, Gagliardi, G, Gianfrani, L. A diode-laser-based spectrometer for in-situ measurements of volcanic gases. Appl Phys B. 2003; 78: 235-240
Gagliardi, G, Restieri, R, Casa, G, Gianfrani, L. Chemical and isotopic analysis using diode laser spectroscopy: applications to volcanic gas monitoring. Opt Lasers Eng. 2002; 37: 131-142
Chiodini, G, Cioni, R, Marini, L, Panichi, C. Origin of fumarolic fluids of Vulcano Island, Italy and implications for volcanic surveillance. Bull Vulcanol. 1995; 57: 99-110
Chiodini, G, Cioni, R, Marini, L, Panichi, C, Raco, B, Taddeucci, G. Fumarolic gases geochemistry. Acta Volcanologica. 1994; 6: 43
Cardellini, C, Chiodini, G, Frondini, F, Granieri, D, Lewicki, J, Peruzzi, L. Accumulation chamber measurements of methane fluxeses: application to volcanic-geothermal areas and landfills. Appl Geochem. 2003; 18: 45-54
Chiodini, G, Frondini, F, Raco, B. Diffuse emission of CO2 from the Fossa crater Vulcan island (Italy). Bull Vulcanol. 1996; 58: 41
Chiodini, G, Cioni, R, Guidi, M, Raco, B, Marini, L. Soil CO2 flux measurements in volcanic and geothermal areas. Appl Geochem. 1998; 13: 543-552
Aiuppa, A, Federico, C, Giudice, G, Gurrieri, S. Chemical mapping of a fumarolic field: la Fossa crater, Vulcano Island (Aeolian Islands, Italy). Geophys Res Lett. 2005; 32: L13309
Allard, P, Carbonelle, J, Dajlevic, D, le Bronec, J, Morel, P, Robe, J, Maurenas, J, Faivre-Pierret, R, Martin, D, Sabroux, J, Zettwoog, P. Eruptive and diffusive emissions of CO2 from Mount Etna. Nature. 1991; 351: 387-391
Capasso, G, Inguaggiato, S, Nuccio, P, Peocraino, G, Sortino, F. Chemical changes in the gas composition of La Fossa crater fumaroloes. Acta Vulcanologica. 1993; 3: 278-282
Capasso, G, Favara, R, Inguaggiato, S. Chemical features and isotopic composition of gaseous manifestations on Vulcano Island, Aeolian Islands, Italy: An interpretative model of fluid circulation. Geochim et Cosmochim Acta. 1997; 61: 3425-3440
Gurrieri, S, Valenza, M. Gas transport in natural porous mediums: a method for measuring CO2 flows from the ground in volcanic and geothermal areas. Rend Soc Hal Mineral Petrologia. 1988; 43: 1151-1158
Diliberto, I, Guerrieri, S, Valenza, M. CO2 flux from the ground. Acta Vulcanol. 1993; 3: 272-273
Diliberto, I, Guerrieri, S. Soil CO2 degassing in the island of Vulcano during 1992. Acta Vulcanol. 1994; 6: 35
Carapezza, M, Diliberto, I. Helium and CO2 soil degassing. Acta Vulcanol. 1994; 3: 273-276
Carapezza, M. Helium and CO2 soil gas concentration (Vulcano). Acta Vulcanol. 1994; 6: 36-39
Badalamenti, B, Gurrieri, S, Valenza, M. Continuous monitoring (temperature, CO2, in soil gases and reducing capacity) (Vulcano). Acta Vulcanol. 1994; 6: 46-48
Carapezza, M, Granieri, D. CO2 soil flux at Vulcano (Italy): comparison between active and passive methods. Appl Geochem. 2004; 19: 73-88
The Hitran Database 2003.
Nuccio, P, Paonita, A, Sortino, F. Geochemical modeling of mixing between magmatic and hydrothermal gases: The case of Vulcano, Italy. Earth Planet Sci Lett. 1999; 167: 321-333
Tedesco, D, Scarsi, P. Intensive gas sampling of noble gases and carbon at Vulcano Island (southern Italy). J Geophys Res. 1999; 104: 10499-10510
Baubron, J, Allard, P, Toutain, J. Diffusive volcanic emissions of carbon dioxide from Vulcano Island, Italy. Nature. 1990; 344: 51-53
Pizzino, L, Galli, G, Mancini, C, Quattrocchi, F, Scarlato, P. Natural gas hazard (CO2, 222Rn) within a quiescent volcanic region and its relations with tectonics: the case of Ciampino-Marino area and Albano Hill Vulcano, Italy. Natural Hazards. 2002; 27: 257-287
Farrar, C, Sorey, M, Evans, W, Howle, J, Kerr, B, Kennedy, B, King, C, Southon, J. Forest-killing diffuse CO2 emission Mammouth Mountain as a sign of magmatic unrest. Nature. 1995; 376: 675-678
Kling, G, Evans, W, Tanyileke, G, Kusakabe, M, Ohba, T, Yoshida, Y, Hell, J. Degassing Lakes Nyos and Monoun: defusing certain disaster. PNAS. 2005; 102: 14185-14190
Baubron J, Allard P, Sabroux J, Tedesco D, Toutain J: Soil gas emanations as precursory indicators of volcanic eruptions. J Geol Soc Lond 1991, 148:571-576.
Notsu K, Mori T, Igarashi G, Tohjima Y, Wakita H: Infrared spectral radiometer: A new tool for remote measurement of SO2 of volcanic gas. Geochem J 1993, 27:361-366.
3. Nuccio P, Paonita A: Magmatic degassing of multicomponent vapors and assessment of magma depth: Application to Vulcano island (Italy). Earth Planet Sci Lett 2001, 193:467-481.
4. Aiuppa A, Burton M, Murè F, Inguaggiato S: Intercomparison of volcanic gas monitoring methodologies performed on Vulcano Island, Italy. Geophis Res Lett 2004, 31:L02610.
5. Rendiconti di sorveglianza 1999-2004 [http://www.ov.ingv.it]
6. Galle B, Oppenheimer C, Geyer A, McGonigle A, Edmonds M, Horrocks L: A miniaturised ultraviolet spectrometer for remote sensing of SO2 fluxes: a new tool for volcano surveillance. J of Volcanol Geotherm Res 2003, 119:241-254.
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BibTeX entry
@article{oai:it.cnr:prodotti:57886,
title = {Continuous in situ measurements of volcanic gases with a diode-laser-based spectrometer: CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O concentration and soil degassing at Vulcano (Aeolian islands: Italy)},
author = {De Rosa M. and Gagliardi G. and Rocco A. and Somma R. and De Natale P. and De Natale G.},
publisher = {Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry in collaboration with the Division of Geochemistry of the American Chemical Society,, Cambridge , Regno Unito},
doi = {10.1186/1467-4866-8-5},
journal = {Geochemical transactions},
volume = {8},
pages = {5–5},
year = {2007}
}
